“BASIC OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY”

 

Q.1 Describe the following terms with examples.

i)                    Data.

ii)                  Information.

iii)                Data Processing.

(i)               Data

                       The word ‘data’ refers to facts connecting things, people, objects, events etc. therefore, a collection of raw fats and figures, collected for a specific purpose, is called data. The word ‘raw’ means unprepared or unprocessed. Data does not give a clear and proper meanings. So, it cannot be used directly for decision making.

A list of class students, showing student roll numbers, name, marks etc. is an example of student ‘data’. The data may be in the form of text, numbers, sounds, images, video clips etc.

Data is the most important in any organization. In business, it is like blood for humans being. Similarly, there us very importance of data in education, medicine, history, geography, sports and research.  

(ii)               Information

                            The raw data is processed in a system to required output or result. The processed data is called information. The processed data (information) gives clear and proper meanings. So, it can be used for decision making.

                             Data is processed in a data processing system. It accepts data as input, process (or manipulate) it and returns as output(information), which gives the useful an proper meanings.

The data processing system is shown below;

                             

For example, data of students that appeared in examination is collected. The data may include students roll number, names, marks obtained in different subjects. The data is used as input, and processed to prepare the result of students. The result may be prepared as follows;

Ø  Total marks of each student are calculated.

Ø  Position of student is finding out by analyzing the total marks.

Ø  List of students is sorted out with respect to their names or total marks obtained in a examination etc.

 

Now the prepared result of students can be used in making different decision.

(iii)          Data Processing

                           The process of converting data into useful information is called data processing. Data processing is also known as computing.

Different operation may be performed on data to convert it into information. The important operations that can be performed on data to required output are as follows;

Ø  Arithmetic and logical operations.

Ø  Classification of data.

Ø  Arranging of data in a specific order.

Q.2   what is information technology? Describe in detail.

           Information Technology

                    With the advancement in communication technology, our world has become a global village. Communication means the exchange of information, e.g. when we talk with others, we exchange information. Today, communication is very fast, due to development in the communication technology. Th computer network are used for data communication between cities/countries all over the world. Actually. The computing and communication technology are combined together for this purpose. Therefore, a new term, “Information Technology” is introduced. It is defined as;

                    “Information technology is a technology that combines computing with high speed communication links for carrying data from one place to another, all over the world.”

                     Today, computer networks (i.e. Internet) are used for data communication. The users can share and exchange information (or messages) all over the world. They can exchange information or messages in such a manner as they are sitting in a drawing room, face to face.

    Digital Convergence

                Due to the information technology, different organization, industries and institutions are linked with each other, they are linked with each by using modern technology and other electronic devices. This electronic merging of different organization, industries and institution to exchange information between them is called digital convergence.

               Due to digital convergence, world has become the global village. Now information can be accessed from any part of the world. The information can be in the form of video, audio, text and graphics.

 Q.3       What do you know about modern scenario or impact of information                                 technology?

                Modem Scenario of Information Technology

           The word scenario means a ‘state’ or ‘situation’ of any thing or system. The modern impact of Information technology has expanded the base of computing and communication. Now information can be exchange through sate-lights, fiber-optics, mobile phone and fax machine etc.  The information technology has bought a revolution in our life style. Computer is play main role in information technology. The computer utilization is increased. some utilizations are as follows;

Ø  Artificial Intelligence: it is a latest technology which is used in some electronic machines. These machines can think, decide themselves

Ø  Web-Based Application:  These are used for connecting to the internet for exchanging information.

Ø  E-Commerce:  It is a process for perform in the business transaction through computer network i.e., internet

Ø  M-Commerce (Mobile Commerce):  It is a process of performing the business transaction through mobile phone.

Ø  Computer Animation: The animation means cartoon or moving pictures. Animation is a process of creating of moving pictures and other special effects for television shoe=ws, commercials, movies and cartoons.

Ø  Multi-media & hyper Media:  It refers to application in which text, graphics, animation, audio, and video effects are combined together and presented by a computer. Main uses of multimedia applications are in video games and computer-based training.

Hyper media is a process of creating links to multimedia files.

Ø  Distributed Computing:  In distributed computing, a single task is performed on multiple computers.

  Q.4         (a)    What is computer?

                 (b)    What is Hardware? Discuss primary hardware components of computer

                           System. Also write the names of important hardware devices.

   (a)        Computer

                 A computer is an electronic machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information(output), and store it for later use.

               Computer process data according to be set of instruction given to it. The set of instruction given to the computer is known as computer program or software.

   (b)          Hardware

               The physical components of a computer are called hardware. You can touch, see and feel hardware. The input/ Output devices (such as key board, mouse, printer, monitor, CPU, Memory unit etc.) are examples of hardware.

Primary Hardware Components

The primary hardware components of computer system and their functions are described below;

 

1-      Input Devices

The data and instruction are given to the computer as input. The input devices is used to give input to the computer. It accepts input (data and program instruction) in a form that a computer can use, and then enters into a computer. The most commonly use input devices are key board snd mouse.

 

2-     Processor

Processor is the most important component of the computer. It is also known as central processing unit (CPU). It is considered as the brain of computer. It processes (or manipulate) input data according to the given instructions, and converts it into the useful information. It is further divided into two main components; these are Control Unit (CU) and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).

 

3-     Output Devices

The processed data is also known as output. The output devices is used to get output from the computer. It displays processed data or result in a form the user wants. The most commonly used output devices are monitor and printers.

 

4-     Memory Unit

The memory unit is another part of a computer. It is used to store data and instruction that are currently in use. The main memory or RAM is an example of memory unit.

 

5-     Secondary Storage Devices

Secondary storage devices is used to store data and programs permanently for later use. The commonly used secondary are hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROMs etc.

 

Hardware Devices

The commonly used hardware devices in a computer system are;

Input Devices;              keyboard, mouse, and microphone etc.

Output Devices                 monitor, printer and speaker etc

Main Memory                   RAM and ROM

Secondary memory           hard disk, floppy disk, compact disk (CD-ROM), tape etc.

Inter Connectors                cables, ports, buses etc.

Network Devices              modem, bridge, router etc.

 

Q.5        What is software? Also describe the main types of software.

 

Software

A set of instruction given to the computer to solve a particular problem ( or to perform  a specific task), is called software. Software is also called computer program.

Software’s tells the computer what to do and how to do. The hardware’s operates under the control of a given set of instructions. Software is developed in computer programming language.

Types of Software

Software can be classified into following two main categories;

Ø  System Software

Ø  Application Software

System Software

A program or set of programs that is specially designed to control different operations of computer system is called system software. It controls the working of different parts of the computer. The system software also enables the other application program to execute properly.

Operating system, utility programs, and device drivers are the examples of system software. Operating system is the main and the most popular system software.

 

Application Software

A program or set of programs that are especially designed to solve the specific problem of users, are called application software. It is known as software package.

There are different kind of application software such as commercial software, scientific software, financial packages, games, and multimedia software etc. however the application software is divided in to two main categories;

 

(i)                  Custom-built Software

(ii)                Packaged Software

 

(i)                Custom-built Software

The software that is developed fort a particular organization or customer is called custom-built software. It is also known as customize software. For example, software developed to maintain the record of students of a particular collage is an example of custom- built software.

(ii)              Packaged Software

The software is developed by software development organization (or any programmer) for sale to the general public is called packaged software. Packaged software is used to solve some common problem of many     people or users. the examples of packaged software’s are; Word processor, Spreadsheets, Data base managers, Graphics, communication software etc.

Q.6 What is difference between hardware and software?

Hardware	Software
Physical parts of a computer are called hardware	A set of instructions to solve the problem of user to control the hardware is called software.
You can touch, see and feel hardware.	You cannot touch, see and feel the e software’s
Hardware is constructed using physical materials or components.	Software is developed by writing instruction in programming language.
Computer is hardware, which operates under the software.	The operation of computer is controlled through software.
If hardware is damaged it is replaced with new one.	If software is damaged or corrupted, its backup copy is reinstalled
Hardware is not affected by computer viruses.	Software is affected by computer viruses.
Hardware cannot be transferred from one place to another electronically through networks	Software can be transferred from one place to another electronically through networks
User cannot make duplicate copies of hardware.	User can make many duplicate copies of the software.